Alkane
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Alkane-
- Aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons are called Paraffin or alkane.
- All the Carbon atoms in alkane are linked by single bond.
- The general formula of alkane is CnH2n+2 where n is the number of carbon atoms.
- The suffix used for this series is ‘ane’
- IUPAC name of paraffin is written as Alk+ ane = Alkane
Alkyl groups & their names –
i) These are univalent groups or radicals obtained by removal of one hydrogen atom from a molecule of paraffin.
ii) The symbol ‘R’ is often used to represent an alkyl group .
iii) Their general formula is CnH2n+1
iv) Their IUPAC name is written as, Alkane – ane + yl = Alkyl
Ex-
Alkene –
- Those aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain at least one carbon carbon double bond (C=C )are called alkene or olefin .
- General formula of alkene is CnH2n
- Their suffix is ‘ene’
- IUPAC name of alkene is written as, Alk+ ene= Alkene or Alkane -ane+ene = Alkene
Ex. i) CH2=CH2 or C2H4
Common name- Ethylene
IUPAC name- Eth+ ene = Ethene
ii) C3H6
Common name- Propylene
IUPAC name- Prop + ene = Propene
If there are two carbon carbon double bonds (C=C) in unsaturated hydrocarbon , then their general formula is CnH2n-2 & their IUPAC name is Alkadiene
If there are three carbon carbon double bonds (C=C ) in unsaturated hydrocarbon, then their general formula is CnH2n-4 & their IUPAC name is Alkatriene
Alkyne
- Those aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain at least one carbon carbon triple bond , are called alkynes or acetylenes.
- The general formula of alkyne is CnH2n-2
- Their suffix is ‘yne’
- IUPAC name is written as [ alk + yne] = Alkyne or [Alkane -ane+yne = Alkyne]
Ex. i) C2H2
Common name- Acetylene
IUPAC name- Eth+ yne = Ethyne
ii) C3H6
IUPAC name- Prop+ yne = Propyne
Unsaturated alkyl group & their names –
Groups obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkene or alkyne ) are called unsaturated alkyl group or typical alkyl groups.
Other Examples –