Hybridization – sp3

Hybridization

source : Chemistryland

 Hybridization – sp³

 In this hybridization one s , three p orbital are mixed together and four hybrid orbitals of equal energy are formed. These are called sp³ hybrid orbital and this process is called sp³ hybridization.

Properties of sp³ hybrid orbitals :

1. All four sp³ hybrid orbitals are equivalent in shape and energy.
2. The four sp³ hybrid orbitals are directed towards the four corners of regular tetrahedron.
3. Bond angle is 109⁰28′.
4. Geometry is tetrahedral.

source : grandinetti.org

Example: CH₄, C₂H₆,H₂O,NH₃, NH₄⁺,SO₄^—,PO₄^3-

Hybridization in Methane & Ethane –

one s and three p orbitals hybridise to form four equivalent sp³ hybrid orbitals. These are singly filled and directed towards four corners of regular tetrahedron . These four sp³ hybrid orbitals form sigma bond with singly filled s-orbital of H- atom and four sigma bonds are formed. Bond angle is 109⁰28′ and geometry is tetrahedral.

source : Chemistry assignment

source : A Plus Topper

source: Chemistry-assignment.com

Hybridization in Ammonia –

₇N- 1s²,2s²,2p³

 There four sp³ hybrid orbitals of nitrogen atom of  ammonia is formed by the overlapping of three half filled orbitals of  Nitrogen atom with s-orbital of 3 hydrogen atoms. There remains a full-filled sp³ hybrid orbital.

Geometry of  ammonia is pyramidal or distorted tetrahedral  due to presence of lone pair. There is lp-bp and  bp-bp repulsion.

source : Chemistry Assignment

source : chemistry @ tutorvista.com

Hybridization in water –

₈O- 1s²,2s²,2p⁴

  There are four sp3 hybrid orbitals on oxygen atom . Water  is formed by the overlapping of two half filled sp³ hybrid orbital of oxygen atom and s orbital of  two hydrogen atom. There remain two full filled sp³ hybrid orbital on oxygen atom.

            Geometry of  water  is V-shaped or distorted tetrahedral  due to lp-lp , lp-bp , bp-bp repulsion. The bond angle is 104.5⁰.

source: Chemistry@TutorVista.com

source :SparkNotes